Austenitic stainless steel

ABSTRACT

An austenitic stainless steel having excellent resistance to scale peeling which can suppress peeling of a protective oxide scale which is formed on the steel surface even when the steel undergoes repeated cycles of high temperature heating and cooling and which is suitable for use in a high temperature, humidified gas environment at a high temperature and particularly at 1023 K or above has a steel composition consisting essentially of C: 0.01-0.15%, Si: 0.01-3%, Mn: 0.01-2%, Cu: 0.1-2.5%, Cr: 23-30%, Ni: 16-25%, Al: 0.005-0.20%, N: 0.001-0.40%, P: at most 0.04%, S: at most 0.01%, at least one of Y and Ln series elements: a total of 0.005-0.1%, and a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, with the number of inclusions containing Y and Ln series elements in the steel surface being at most 5×10 −3 /μm 2 .

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to an austenitic stainless steel, and moreparticularly it relates to an austenitic stainless steel having superiorresistance to scale peeling in a high temperature, humidified gasenvironment. An austenitic stainless steel according to the presentinvention is particularly suitable for applications in which heating andcooling cycles are frequently repeated in a high temperature, humidifiedgas environment such as for heat exchangers and reformers in distributedgeneration.

BACKGROUND ART

Microturbines and various types of fuel cells which are used indistributed generation are usually made in the form of co-generationsystems including a heat exchanger (regenerator) which heats combustionair by utilizing the heat of combustion exhaust gas. The heat exchangeris constituted by corrugated fins, plates, and other parts made ofstainless steel. It is desired that the stainless steel which is usedhave a high level of heat resistance and good weldability andworkability.

Various fuels have been studied as a fuel source for supplying hydrogenin a fuel cell, such as natural gas, DME (dimethyl ether), kerosene,synthetic hydrocarbon fuels, and alcohol-based fuels. These fuels arereformed by a method such as steam reformation to generate hydrogen Dueto the high operating temperature, it is desired that stainless steelwhich is used for the manufacture of such reformers also have a highlevel of heat resistance and good weldability and workability.

Gas which passes through the above-described heat exchangers andreformers contains from several percent to several tens of percent ofsteam and is at a high temperature. Such high temperature, humidifiedgas produces a severely corrosive environment compared to the atmosphereor to combustion exhaust gas from an automotive exhaust system.

In distributed generation, contrary to a conventional thermal powerplant, starting and stopping of the operation of equipment occursfrequently, so the distributed generation is subjected to cyclic heatingand cooling. As a result, a protective oxide scale primarily comprisingCr which is formed on the surface of stainless steel during heatingdevelops thermal stresses during cooling and produces cracks, andeventually the scale peels off. In portions where the scale has peeledoff, it is difficult to regenerate the protective scale, and frequentlya non-protective oxide scale primarily comprising Fe is formed. As aresult, a reduction in the wall thickness of the stainless steel isaccelerated, and the service life of equipment is shortened.Furthermore, the peeled scale plugs up gas flow passages inside theequipment or gas flow passages connected to the exit side of theequipment. In addition, there is an extremely high danger of the peeledscale causing damage due to lo equipment by erosion.

Accordingly, it is desired that stainless steel used in applicationssuch as heat exchangers or reformers for distributed generation have notonly heat resistance, workability, and weldability, but also excellentresistance to scale peeling such that peeling of scale does not occureven when it undergoes repeated heating and cooling is cycles in ahighly corrosive, high temperature, humidified environment.

Up to now, many types of heat resistant Fe—Cr—Al ferritic stainlesssteels have been proposed as catalyst supports for cleaning equipmentfor automotive exhaust gas. However, ferritic stainless steels generallyhave poor workability and are difficult to weld, and they are difficultto apply to the above-described applications.

From in the past, austenitic stainless steels typified by SUS 304, SUS316L, and SUS 310 have been much used for usual high temperatureapplications.

JP H07-188869 A1 discloses an inexpensive austenitic stainless steelwhich is superior with respect to resistance to oxidation at hightemperatures, wear resistance, and creep properties and which hasexcellent weldability. This stainless steel comprises C: 0.05-0.15% (inthis description, unless otherwise specified, percent means masspercent), Si: less than 1.0%, Mn: at most 2.0%, P: at most 0.04%, S: atmost 0.01%, Cr: 20-30%, Ni: 10-15%, N: 0.10-0.30%, B: 0.0010-0.01%,La+Ce: 0.01-0.10%, Al: 0.01-0.20%, and a balance essentially of Fe andunavoidable impurities, with the Ni balance prescribed by{Ni+0.5Mn+30(C+N)−1.1 (Cr+1.5Si)+8.2} being in the range of −1.0% to+3%.

JP 2000-303150 A1 describes a stainless steel for direct diffusionbonding. This is a ferritic stainless steel comprising C: at most 0.08%,Si: 0.01-2%, Mn: 0.05-1.5%, P: at most 0.05%, S: at most 0.01%, Al:0.005-0.1%, Cr: 13-32%, Ni: 0.01-4%, Mo: 0.1-6%, Ti: at most 0.05%, anda balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, or an austenitic stainlesssteel comprising C: at most 0.08%, Si: 0.01-2%, Mn: 0.05-1.5%, P: atmost 0.05%, S: at most 0.01%, Al: 0.005-0.1%, Cr: 13-25%, Ni: 7-15%,Si+Mo: at least 1.5%, Mo: at most 6%, Ti: at most 0.05%, and a balanceof Fe and unavoidable impurities. This austenitic stainless steel isdescribed as being easy to roll and having excellent workability.

However, the austenitic stainless steels described in theabove-described publications do not take into consideration theabove-mentioned resistance to scale peeling.

JP H11-279714 A1 discloses an austenitic stainless steel having improvedresistance to scale peeling under conditions in which a temperaturegradient is present in the material during heating and cooling cycles.This stainless steel comprises C: 0.01-0.15%, Si: 0.5-5%, Mn: 0.2-2%, P:at most 0.04%, S: at most 0.02%, Ni: 12-22%, Cr: 17-26%, Al: 0.01-5%, N:0.02-0.4%, and a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, with theadded amount of alloying elements, the maximum heating temperature TK,and the temperature gradient a (° C./mm) satisfying a prescribedrelationship.

That austenitic stainless steel utilizes a phenomenon in which oxides ofSi or Al which are concentrated at the boundary of scale or metallic Nialleviate strains due to expansion and contraction applied to scale whena temperature gradient is present in a material to improve theresistance to scale peeling. Therefore, the contents of Ni, Si, and Alare important, and the contents of Cr, Ni, Si, and Al in the steel areprescribed by the maximum temperature T and the temperature gradient αin the material. However, the resistance to scale peeling of thatstainless steel is not of a level which can satisfy the resistance toscale peeling needed in severe humidified gas corrosive environmentscontaining from several percent to several tens of percent of steam.Furthermore, consideration is not given to regeneration after peeling ofscale, and it is necessary to improve its stability with respect tolong-term properties.

In JP 2003-171745 A1, the present inventors proposed an austeniticstainless steel plate containing C: 0.01-0.10%, Si: 0.01-1.0%, Cr;19-26%, Ni: 10-35%, a total of 0.005-0.10% of at least one REM (rareearth metal), at least 0.01% of Mn satisfying{Mn≦2.8×REM−0.025×Ni+0.95}, and a balance of Fe and unavoidableimpurities and having a thickness of at most 1.0 mm. That invention ssuppresses the growth rate of Cr₂O₃ by controlling the Mn content inaccordance with the Ni content and the REM content in order to solve thephenomenon of “burnout” caused by abnormal oxidation in a thin steelplate such as a corrugated fin of distributed generation equipment,

In JP 2004-83976 A1, the present inventors farther proposed anaustenitic stainless steel plate having high temperature oxidationresistance and containing C: 0.01-0.10%, Si: at most 1.0%, Cr:23.0-27.0%, Ni: 17.0-23.0%, a total of 0.005-0.10% of at least one rareearth element, a Mn content of at most 2.0% satisfying the relationship{Mn≦0.05×Cr−0.20×plate thickness−0.55}, and a balance of Fe andunavoidable impurities and having a thickness of at most 0.5 mm. That isinvention improves the high temperature strength of Cr₂O₃ scale bycontrolling the relationship between the Mn content, the Cr content, andthe plate thickness based on the finding that “accelerated oxidation”which develops in a steel plate with a thickness of at most 0.5 mm iscaused by deformation occurring when the strength is overcome by thestress which develops in scale which forms on the surface of steel.

The austenitic stainless steel plates which are proposed byabove-mentioned JP 2003-171745 A1 and JP 2004-83976 A1 can solve theproblems of burnout and accelerated oxidation which develop in thinstainless steel plates. However, there is no recognition in thosepublications of peeling of scale which is a problem in theabove-described heating and cooling cycles, and there is no suggestionconcerning a method of solving that problem.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

The present invention is an austenitic stainless steel having a steelcomposition consisting essentially of, in mass percent. C: 0.01-0.15%,Si: 0.01-3%, Mn: 0.01-2%, Cu: 0.1-2.5%, Cr: 23-30%, Ni: 16-25%, Al:0.005-0.20%, N: 0.001-0.40%, P: at most 0.04%, S: at most 0.01%, a totalof 0.005-0.1% of at least one rare earth element selected from Y and Lnseries elements, optionally at least one of Nb, Ti, and V: 0.01-1.0%each, optionally at least one of Ca and Mg: 0.0001-0.010% each,optionally at least one of Mo, W, Ta, Re, and Ir: 0.01-6% each,optionally at least one of B, Zr, and Hf: 0.001-0.10% each., optionallyCo: 0.01-3%, optionally at least one of Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au: 0.005-1%each, and a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, with the number ofinclusions containing the above-described rare earth elements (referredto below as rare earth-containing inclusions) in the steel surface beingat most 5×10⁻³/μm².

In the present invention, an inclusion is intended to mean an inclusionhaving lo a minor axis of at least 0.5 μm. This is because an inclusionhaving a minor axis of smaller than 0.5 μm does not have a markedlyadverse effect on resistance to scale peeling even if present in thesurface of steel. The number of rare earth-containing inclusions can bemeasured by the method described below.

In addition to having good workability and weldability, an austeniticstainless is steel according to the present invention exhibits excellentresistance to scale peeling such that it can prevent peeling of scaleparticularly even under the conditions of heating and cooling cycles ina high temperature, humidified environment. The Cu content, the contentof at least one rare earth element selected from Y and Ln serieselements, and the amount of rare earth-containing inclusions in thesteel surface markedly contribute to improving this resistance to scalepeeling.

In general, peeling of scale develops because the stress which developsin scale exceeds the adhesive strength between the scale and the basemetal. Therefore, in order to increase the resistance to scale peeling,it is effective to decrease the stress which develops in the scale or toincrease the adhesive strength between the scale and the base metal.Stress which develops in scale includes growth stress accompanying thegrowth of scale and thermal stress which develops at the time ofcooling. Specific countermeasures can be generally divided into thefollowing categories.

(1) Suppressing growth stress accompanying growth of scale by decreasingthe growth rate of scale.

(2) Suppressing thermal stresses which develop in scale at the time ofcooling by decreasing the temperature difference ΔT at the time ofcooling and by decreasing the plate thickness in order to utilizedeformation of the base metal.

(3) Increasing the adhesive strength between the scale and the basemetal by increasing the bonding strength itself at the interface betweenthe scale and the base metal and by suppressing the presence of foreignmatter such as inclusions in the interface.

Among the above-described countermeasures, decreasing the temperaturedifference ΔT at the time of cooling in countermeasure (2) leads to alimitation on the operating conditions of equipment (such asmicroturbines and fuel cells) to which the lo present invention isdirected, making it difficult to actually carry out that countermeasure.In addition, making the plate thickness small not only produces theabove-described problems of accelerated oxidation and burnout but alsocreates the possibility of a decrease in high temperature strength.

The present inventors performed further studies focused onabove-described countermeasures (1) and (3). As proposed in JP2003-171745 A1, the present inventors already carried out similarstudies on the growth rate of scale. However, due to below-describedreasons (a) and (b), it is necessary to study the growth rate of scaleunder heating and cooling cycles from a new standpoint not consideredbefore.

(a) The growth rate of scale is determined by the composition ofelements in the scale which is formed.

(b) The composition of elements in the scale which is formed oftendepends upon the initial formation of scale. The initial formation ofscale occurs before a product (such as a heat exchanger) reaches theoperating temperature (the heating temperature), i.e., during the courseof a temperature increase.

Namely, in order to decrease the growth rate of scale, in the case of anaustenitic stainless steel, it is important to uniformly form aprotective oxide (a protective scale) comprising primarily Cr₂O₃, and itis necessary to reliably form such scale during the course of atemperature increase. The formation of Cr₂O₃ on the surface of a steelplate already begins from approximately 773 K during the course of atemperature increase. However, at this relatively low temperature, thediffusion of Cr in steel is slow, so normally it is difficult to form auniform a Cr₂O₃ scale. In addition, elements such as Fe and Mn dissolvein Cr₂O₃, and the growth rate of scale at the operating temperaturecannot be suppressed. In order to form uniform and high purity Cr₂O₃, itis effective to increase the Cr content in steel. However, as describedbelow, taking into consideration the mechanical properties andmanufacturability of steel, there is a limit to the extent to which theCr content can be increased.

As a result of detailed study of the behavior of initial oxidationduring the course of a temperature increase in order to find a newmethod, it was found that the following (c)-(f) are essentiallyimportant.

(c) When oxidation of a steel surface is commenced, uniform Cr₂O₃ can beformed if Cr reacts with only the O₂ in gas react. However, in an actualgas atmosphere, a variety of gas molecules other than O₂ are present,and these various gas molecules are adsorbed by the steel surface anddissociate.

(d) If, for example, CO and the like are present in a gas atmosphere,the CO is dissociates into C and O on the steel surface, and the Cpenetrates into the steel and causes carburization. For the samereasons, sulfurization occurs when SO₂ or H₂S is present. Namely, notonly oxidation but corrosion such as carburization, sulfurization,nitriding, or hydrogen penetration also progresses, and it is notpossible to promote only an oxidation reaction. Due to the simultaneousoccurrence of various reactions on the steel surface in this manner, ithas not been possible thus far to uniformly form Cr₂O₃ in the initialstage of forming Cr₂O₃.

In order to study a means for solving the problem based on the mechanismwhich has been clarified in this manner, steel materials havingdifferent compositions were prepared in order to investigate the effectof elements in steel, and the surface reaction was carefully analyzed.As a result, it was found that Cu as well as Y and Ln series elements(rare earth elements) exhibit the following behavior, which is of greatinterest.

(e) Cu has the effect of suppressing dissociation of gas which isadsorbed and dissociated on the surface of steel, and it can suppressthe advance of corrosion other than oxidation. As a result, Cr₂O₃ can beuniformly formed on the steel surface.

(f) If steel contains at least one rare earth element selected from Yand Ln series elements, elements such as Fe and Mn are prevented fromdissolving in Cr₂O₃, and Cr₂O₃ having a high purity of Cr is uniformlyformed on the surface of steel.

Based on the above findings (e) and (f), by adding Cu together with oneor more of the above-described rare earth elements, a Cr₂O₃ scale havingCr of high purity can be uniformly formed on a steel surface during thecourse of a temperature increase. As a result, resistance to scalepeeling can be greatly increased. This is because, in addition to theabove-described (1) decrease in the growth rate of scale, (3) thebonding strength itself at the interface between the scale and the basemetal is increased.

However, by this means alone, the improvement in the resistance to scalepeeling which is the object of the present invention is not sufficient.By also lowering the amount of rare earth-containing inclusions presentin the steel surface to at most a prescribed level peeling of scaleoriginating at the inclusions can be prevented and resistance to scalepeeling is markedly improved.

An austenitic stainless steel according to the present invention hasexcellent resistance to scale peeling which can suppress peeling of aprotective oxide scale formed on a steel surface even when the steelundergoes heating and cooling cycles in which heating to a hightemperature in a high temperature, humidified environment and cooling toroom temperature are repeated. Therefore, it is suitable for use in ahigh temperature, humidified gas environment at a high temperature andparticularly at 1023 K or above. In addition, its workability,weldability, and heat resistance are sufficiently high. Accordingly,when the steel is used in heat exchangers for microturbines and varioustypes of fuel cells or in reformers of fuel cells which are expected tobecome more widespread for distributed generation, a decrease inthickness due to peeling of scale can be prevented and the service lifeof equipment is lengthened.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the concentration ofCr in scale which is formed and the content of Cu in steel.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of the content of Cu, Y, and Lnseries elements in steel on the concentration of Cr in scale which isformed.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of Y and Ln series elements insteel and the influence of the number of inclusions containing Y and Lnseries elements in the surface of steel on the number of occurrences ofpeeling of scale which is formed.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between peeling of scalewhich is formed (the number of occurrences of peeling per unit area) andthe number of inclusions (number per unit area) containing Y and Lnseries elements in the surface of steel.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Below, the present invention will be explained in detail while referringto the accompanying drawings. In this description, percent with respectto steel composition always means mass percent.

An austenitic stainless steel according to the present invention has asteel composition consisting essentially of, in mass percent, C:0.01-0.15%, Si: 0.01-3%, Mn: 0.01-2%, Cu: 0.1-2.5%, Cr: 23-30%, Ni:16-25%, Al: 0.005-0.20%, N: 0.001-0.40%, P: at most 0.04%, S: at most0.01%, one or more rare earth elements selected from Y and Ln serieselements: a total of 0.005-0.1%, and a balance of Fe and unavoidableimpurities, with the number of inclusions containing the above-describedrare earth elements (rare earth-containing inclusions) in the surface ofthe steel being at most 5×10⁻³/μm².

As optional components, this austenitic stainless steel may furthercontain at least one of Nb, Ti, and V: 0.01-1.0% each, at least one ofCa and Mg: 0.0001-0.010% each, at least one of Mo, W, Ta, Re, and Ir:0.01-6% each, at least one of B, Zr, and Hf: 0.001-0.10% each, Co:0.01-3%, and at least one of Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au: 0.005-1% each.

The reasons for the above-described steel composition are as follows.

C: 0.01-0.15%

C has the effects of suppressing the formation of δ ferrite, stabilizingan austenitic structure, and guaranteeing high temperature strength. Atleast 0.01% of C is contained in order to exhibit these effects. If theC content exceeds 0.15%, a large number of clumps of Cr₂₃C₆ precipitateat the grain boundaries of the steel, thus the ductility of the steeldecreases, and the resistance to thermal fatigue at the time of heatingand cooling cycles deteriorates. The C content is preferably at least0.02% to at most 0.12%.

Si:0.01-3%

Si is added as a deoxidizing agent at the time of preparing a melt. Ithas the effect of increasing oxidation resistance by forming an oxide onthe inner layer of a Cr₂O₃ scale in a high temperature, humidifiedenvironment. In order to exhibit this effect, at least 0.01% of Si iscontained. If the Si content exceeds 3%, peeling of lo scale duringheating and cooling cycles is promoted. A preferred range for the Sicontent is at least 0.05% to at most 2%, and a more preferred range isat least 0.1% and less then 1%.

Mn: 0.01-2%

Mn has the effect of forming an austenitic structure, and it alsofunctions as a deoxidizing agent at the time of preparing a melt. Inorder to obtain these effects, the Mn content is made at least 0.01% ofMn. If the Mn content exceeds 2%, Mn partially dissolves in a Cr₂O₃scale at the time of high temperature oxidation of steel, and as aresult, the effect of Y and Ln series elements on suppressing the rateof oxidation is impeded. A preferred range for the Mn content is atleast 0.1% to at most 1.2%, and a more preferred range is at least 0.6%to at most 1%.

Cu: 0.1-2.5%

Cu is one of the important elements in an austenitic stainless steelaccording to the present invention. Cu acts to suppress the adsorptionand dissociation of gas on the surface of steel, and it preferentiallypromotes oxidation by suppressing corrosion such as carburization,sulfurization, nitriding, and penetration of hydrogen which can occursimultaneously with oxidation during the course of a temperatureincrease up to the operating temperature. As a result, as will besubsequently explained with respect to experimental results, a Cr₂O₃scale having excellent protective properties can be uniformly formed onthe steel surface during the course of a temperature increase, thussuperior oxidation resistance can be maintained during subsequentholding at a high temperature, and peeling of scale can be greatlyreduced. Furthermore, when the scale peels during cooling, a protectiveCr₂O₃ scale can be regenerated during a subsequent temperature increase.

Such effects of Cu become marked when the Cu content is at least 0.1%.However, if the Cu content exceeds 2.5%, properties such as toughnessand workability deteriorate. A preferred range for the Cu content is atleast 0.2% to at most 2.5%, and a more preferred range is at least 0.3%to at most 2.2%.

Cr: 23-30%

Cr is one of the important elements in an austenitic stainless steelaccording to the present invention. Cr uniformly forms a protectiveCr₂O₃ scale on a steel surface during a temperature increase, itexhibits oxidation resistance by suppressing the rate of oxidationduring holding at a high temperature, and it increases resistance toscale peeling. Furthermore, when peeling of scale occurs during cooling,Cr acts to prevent a deterioration in oxidation resistance by uniformlyregenerating a new protective Cr₂O₃ scale at the time of a subsequenttemperature increase.

If the Cr content is smaller than 23%, a Cr₂O₃ scale is not uniformlyformed on the steel surface, resistance to oxidation deteriorates, andthe ability to regenerate scale after peeling also deteriorates. On theother hand, if the Cr content exceeds 30%, a large number of clumps ofCr₂₃C₆ precipitate at the crystal grain boundaries of the steel, theductility of the steel decreases, and manufacturability alsodeteriorates. A preferred range for the Cr content is at least 23% to atmost 28%, and a more preferred range is at least 24% to at most 28%.

Ni: 16-25%

Ni forms an austenitic structure and acts to increase the heatresistance of a steel plate. The Ni content is made at least 16% of Niin order to obtain an austenitic structure. On the other hand, an Nicontent exceeding 25% leads to a decrease in weldability and hotworkability. A preferred range for the Ni content is at least 16% to atmost 23%, and a more preferred range is at least 16% to at most 21.5%.

Al: 0.005-0.20%

Al is an element which can be added for the purpose of deoxidation atthe time of preparing a melt. This effect is exhibited with a content ofat least 0.005%. However, if the Al content exceeds 0.20%, AlN and Ni₃Alprecipitate, thereby causing the hot workability of the steel tomarkedly deteriorate and its creep rupture ductility to decrease.Furthermore, due to the presence of these precipitates, the uniformformation of a protective Cr₂O₃ scale on the surface of steel during atemperature increase, which is most important in the present invention,is impeded. Therefore, the Al content is made 0.20%. In order tosuppress the formation of rare earth-containing inclusions, the Alcontent is preferably at least 0.02% to at most 0.15%, and a morepreferred range is at least 0.04% and less than 0.15%.

N: 0.001-0.40%

N not only contributes to stabilizing an austenite structure, but italso has the effect of increasing high temperature strength.Furthermore, it suppresses dissociation of gas which is adsorbed by thesteel surface at a high temperature and promotes the uniform formationof a Cr₂O₃ scale. This effect is achieved when the N content is at least0.001%. However, in usual melting techniques, it is difficult to have anN content of more than 0.40%, so its upper limit is made 0.40%. Whenhigh is temperature strength is considered important, the N content ispreferably made at least 0.10% to at most 0.30%, and still morepreferably at least 0.15% to at most 0.25%.

P: at Most 0.04%, S: at Most 0.01%

P and S are both impurities which segregate at grain boundaries andworsen hot workability. Their adverse effects are particularly great ina steel containing Cr, Ni, and N in the ranges of the present invention.They also have the adverse effect of promoting peeling of a Cr₂O₃ scalewhich is formed in a high temperature gas environment. Therefore, P andS are preferably made as low as possible. However, excessivelydecreasing their contents significantly increases costs, so P is made atmost 0.04% and S is made at most 0.01%. Preferably, P is at most 0.035%and S is at most 0.005%, and more preferably P is at most 0.03% and S isat most 0.002%.

Y and Ln Series Elements: a Total of 0.005-0.1%

Like Cu, rare earth elements selected from Y and the Ln series areimportant elements in an austenitic stainless steel according to thepresent invention. By containing at least 0.005% to at most 0.1% of atleast one rare earth element selected from Y and Ln series elements andby simultaneously limiting inclusions containing Y and Ln serieselements (namely, rare earth-containing inclusions) in the steel surfaceto at most 5×10⁻³/μm², resistance to scale peeling can be dramaticallyincreased. This effect will be explained in detail below together withexperimental data.

In order to obtain this effect, the total content of rare earth elements(Y and Ln series elements) is made at least 0.005%. On the other hand,if the content of rare earth elements becomes too large, the amount ofinclusions which are formed increases, the resistance to scale peelingwhich is formed on the surface decreases, and the workability andtoughness of the steel decrease. Therefore, the total content of rareearth elements is made at most 0.1%

Among Ln series elements, it is particularly preferable to use La, Ce,and Nd. The Ln series indicates element number 57 (La) to element number71 (Lu). From the standpoint of resistance to scale peeling, a preferredtotal content of rare earth elements is at least 0.005% to at most0.08%, and a more preferred content is at least 0.02% to at most 0.06%.

In addition to the above-described elements, an austenitic stainlesssteel according to the present invention may contain one or more of thefollowing elements as optional elements.

Nb, Ti, and V: 0.01-1.0% Each

Nb, Ti, and V can improve high temperature strength, ductility, andtoughness even when added in minute amounts. For each of these elements,these effects are not exhibited when the content is less than 0.01%,while if it exceeds 1.0%, workability and weldability decrease.Therefore, when at least one element selected from Nb, Ti, and V isadded, the content of each is made at least 0.01% to at most 1.0%. Apreferred content of these elements is at least 0.01% to at most 0.7%.

Ca and Mg: 0.0001-0.010% Each

Ca and Mg increase hot workability. This effect is obtained when atleast 0.0001% each of either one is added. In particular, in a steelcontaining Cr, Ni, or N in the range defined by the present invention,there is a tendency for the strength of the grain boundaries to decreaserelatively compared to the inside of grains, so by adding Ca and/or Mg,it is possible to greatly improve not only hot workability but also HAZcrack susceptibility at the time of welding. On the other hand, if thecontent of Ca and/or Mg exceeds 0.010% each, Ni—Ca or Ni—Mg compounds,which are low melting point compounds, form and hot workability ends upworsening. Accordingly, when one or more of Ca and Mg are added, thecontent of each is made at least 0.0001% to at most 0.010%, and apreferred content is at least 0.0003% to at most 0.007% for each of Caand Mg.

Mo, W, Ta, Re, and Ir: 0.01-6% Each

Each of Mo, W, Ta, Re, and Ir has the effect of increasing hightemperature strength as a solid solution strengthening element. In orderto further increase high temperature strength, one or more of these isadded as necessary. In order to exhibit an effect, it is necessary forthe amount of any of these elements which is added to be at least 0.01%.However, if they are added excessively, workability deteriorates andstructural stability is impeded. Therefore, the upper limit is made 6%for each element. When adding one or more of Mo, W, Ta, Re, and Ir, thecontent of each which is added is at least 0.01% to at most 6%,preferably at least 0.05% to at most 3% each, and still more preferablyat least 0.1% to at most 1.4% each.

B, Zr, and Hf: 0.001-0.10% Each

Each of B, Zr, and Hf is effective at strengthening grain boundaries andimproving hot workability and high temperature strength. Such effectsare obtained when at least 0.001% each of any of these is added.However, if the respective contents exceed 0.10%, the susceptibility tohigh temperature cracks at the time of welding markedly increases.Accordingly, when one or more of these elements is added, the content ofeach which is added is made at least 0.001% to at most 0.10%, and apreferred content is at least 0.001% to at most 0.05% each.

Co: 0.01-3%

Co can stabilize an austenite phase by substituting for a portion of Ni.When this effect is desired, at least 0.01% of Co can be added. On theother hand, if more then 3% of Co is added, hot workability markedlydecreases. Accordingly, the content of Co when it is added is at least0.01% to at most 3%, and a preferred content is at least 0.1% to at most1%.

Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au: 0.005-1% Each

Each of Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au can increase corrosion resistance. If thecontent of any of these elements which is added is less than 0.005%, itseffect of increasing corrosion resistance is not obtained. On the otherhand, if the content of these elements exceeds 1%, workability decreasesand costs increase. When one or more of Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au is added, thecontent of each which is added is at least 0.005% to at most 1%, and apreferred content is at least 0.0050% to at most 0.5%.

The remainder of the composition of an austenitic stainless steelaccording to the present invention other than the above-describedelements is Fe and unavoidable impurities.

The effect of Cu and rare earth elements (Y and Ln series elements) inan austenitic stainless steel according to the present invention onuniformly forming a protective Cr₂O₃ scale and thereby improvingresistance to scale peeling will be explained more fully based on thefollowing experimental data.

Test pieces were prepared by cutting sections measuring 1.2 mm thick, 15mm wide, and 35 mm long from austenitic stainless steels havingdifferent compositions and then treating the surface of each section togive a mirror finish. Each of the prepared test pieces was placed in aheating furnace and heated from room temperature to 1123 K at a rate oftemperature increase of 0.5 K per second. As soon as the temperaturereached 1123 K, it was cooled to near room temperature and removed fromthe furnace. The amount of Cr in the oxide scale formed on the surfaceof the test pieces was measured using a SIMS.

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the results ofmeasurement using a SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometer) of the amountof Cr in the oxide scale formed on the surface of the austeniticstainless steel and the Cu content of the steel.

As shown by the graph in FIG. 1, with a steel not containing Cu, the Crconcentration in the oxide scale (the maximum concentration of Cr in theoxide scale obtained by SIMS analysis) was 50-70%, whereas when the Cucontent was at least 0.1%, the Cr concentration in the oxide scaleincreased to at least 80%. Namely, when an austenitic stainless steelcontains at least 0.1% of Cu, Cr₂O₃ of high purity is uniformly formedduring the course of a temperature increase.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of measurement of the Crconcentration in an oxide scale when the same test was carried out on anaustenitic stainless steel containing neither Cu nor rare earthelements, an austenitic stainless steel containing only Cu, and anaustenitic stainless steel containing both Cu and rare earth elements.

As shown in the graph of FIG. 2, when both Cu and rare earth elementsare present, the Cr concentration in the scale becomes a maximum. It canbe seen that it is effective to add both Cu and rare earth elements inorder to uniformly form Cr₂O₃.

When rare earth elements are oxidized by heating in air, they segregateas ions at the grain boundaries of Cr₂O₃ oxides, thereby suppressing thegrain boundary diffusion of Cr³⁺ and O₂ ⁻ ions through the Cr₂O₃ grainboundaries accompanying the growth of Cr₂O₃ oxides and preventing Fe andMn from dissolving into oxides. This effect is particularly markedduring the course of a temperature increase in a steel to which they areadded together with Cu. As a result, high purity Cr₂O₃ with a highconcentration of Cr is formed, and the effect of slowing the growth rateof scale is obtained. Furthermore, in the course of a temperatureincrease after scale has peeled off during cooling, it is possible toregenerate high purity Cr₂O₃, which becomes a protective oxide scale.This effect can be obtained by adding a total of at least 0.005% of atleast one rare earth element selected from Y and Ln series elements.

Rare Earth-Containing Inclusions in the Steel Surface: at Most5×10⁻³/μm²

As stated above, in the present invention, uniformly forming aprotective Cr₂O₃ scale with a high content of Cr in the initial stage ofa temperature increase decreases the rate of oxidation in subsequentholding at a high temperature and can maintain good resistance tooxidation. It is also important in forming scale which is difficult topeel. Furthermore, it increases the bonding strength in the interfacebetween the scale and the base metal, and it markedly improvesresistance to scale peeling by suppressing the presence of foreignmatter such as inclusions in the interface.

Increasing the bonding strength in the interface between the scale andthe base metal can greatly suppress peeling of scale. Adding rare earthelements with this object is previously known. However, a sufficientimprovement cannot be expected from this measure alone becauseinclusions present in the interface between the scale and the base metalbecome starting points for the peeling of scale.

Typical inclusions, which form at the time of preparing molten steel,are compounds such as oxides, sulfides, and oxysulfides remaining insteel. Oxides of Al, Si, or Mn, sulfides of Mn and Ca, and the like areknown. There are cases in which inclusions are formed from a single oneof these compounds, and there are also cases in which they are formedfrom a combination of two or more of these compounds.

In a steel containing a rare earth elements such as Y or an Ln serieselement, rare earth elements exhibit extremely strong deoxidizing anddesulfurizing effects due to their strong affinity for oxygen andsulfur. As a result, they remove solid solution oxygen or solid solutionsulfur and improve hot workability and weldability as well as resistanceto scale peeling formed on the surface of steel in a high temperatureatmosphere.

However, steel to which one or more rare earth elements are addedcontains a large number of inclusions containing the rare earth elements(rare earth-containing inclusions) comprising oxides and/or sulfides ofrare earth elements which are formed by the above-described deoxidizingand desulfurizing effects of these elements, and this causes thecleanliness of steel to decrease. This is because oxides and sulfides ofrare earth elements have an average molecular weight which is largerthan that of steel. As a result, they do not readily float in moltensteel at the time of refining, which makes them difficult to remove asslag and worsens the cleanliness of steel. Formation of these rareearth-containing inclusions becomes particularly marked in steelcontaining rare earth elements. These inclusions are difficult tosuppress unless optimization of alloying elements or control ofinclusions during refining is carried out. If such rare earth-containinginclusions are present in the surface of steel, they remain in theinterface between the scale and the base metal after an oxide scale isformed on the surface in the environment of use and promote the peelingof scale.

It is already known that resistance to scale peeling is improved by thepresence of a rare earth element in steel. In the present invention, bylimiting the amount of rare earth-containing inclusions which are formedby adding rare earth elements (as stated earlier, these are primarilyoxides, sulfides, or oxysulfides of rare earth elements), resistance toscale peeling is dramatically and fundamentally improved. Thisphenomenon will be explained more fully based on experimental results.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of an investigation of the numberof rare earth-containing inclusions and the number of occurrences ofpeeling of scale formed on the surface of steel when an oxidation testwas carried out at 1173 K for 100 hours in air using a 25% Cr-20% Niaustenitic stainless steel and an austenitic stainless steel having thesame composition except that 0.04% of La or 0.042% of La so was furtheradded.

The number of occurrences of peeling of scale was found by observing thescale surface with an optical microscope at a magnification of 100× in 5fields of view, counting the number of peeled portions having a minoraxis with a length of at least 5 μm, and calculating the number per unitarea (number per μm²).

In order to measure rare earth-containing inclusions, prior to theoxidation test, the stainless steel surface was etched with a nitricacid/hydrochloric acid/glycerin mixture (volume ratio of concentratednitric acid: concentrated hydrochloric acid:glycerin=1:4:1), the surfacewas observed under an optical microscope, the number of rareearth-containing inclusions having a minor axis with a length of atleast 0.5μm was counted in 5 fields of view at a magnification of 500×,and the number per unit area (number per μm²) was calculated from thisvalue. Determination of whether an inclusion was a rare earth-containinginclusion was performed by SEM-EDX (energy dispersive X-ray) analysis.

As shown by the graph in FIG. 3, the number of rare earth-containinginclusions observed in the stainless steel surface was 1.3×10⁻²/μm² foran austenitic stainless steel to which 0.04% of La was added and was8.2×10⁻⁴/m² for an austenitic stainless steel to which 0.042% of La wasadded. The difference in the number of inclusions was due to differencesin the refining method. Thus, even when the added amount of La is nearlythe same, the number of rare earth-containing inclusions varies with therefining method.

The number of occurrences of peeling of scale for the 0.04% La steel wassmaller by approximately a factor of 10 than for the steel to which Lawas not added, and it was still smaller by a factor of 10 for the 0.042%La steel in which the number of rare earth-containing inclusions wassmall. Thus, the resistance to scale peeling is increased just by addingLa, but if the number of rare earth-containing inclusions is sdecreased, the resistance to scale peeling is further markedly improved.

In order to clarify the relationship between the number of rareearth-containing inclusions and peeling of scale, test samples havingvarious numbers of inclusions were prepared, and the same oxidation testas explained with respect to FIG. 3 was carried out. FIG. 4 is a graphshowing the relationship between the number of rare lo earth-containinginclusions per unit area of the steel surface in this oxidation test andthe number of occurrences of peeling of scale per unit area. It can beseen from the graph shown in FIG. 4 that peeling of scale can beeffectively suppressed if the number of rare earth-containing inclusionsin the steel surface is at most 5×10⁻³/μm².

The number of rare earth-containing inclusions is preferably as small aspossible, but reducing their number makes refining more difficult andincreases costs, so it is important to reduce them within a practicalrange. From the standpoint of resistance to scale peeling, the number ofrare earth-containing inclusions in the steel surface is preferablysuppressed to at most 3×10⁻³/μm².

With a rare earth element-added steel, if it is not suitably processedwhen preparing a melt, entrapment of inclusions is induced, and thenumber of rare earth element inclusions in the steel surface cannot besuppressed to at most 5×10⁻³/μm². Therefore, when preparing a melt, bysuitably agitating molten steel in the presence of a molten oxide slaghaving a composition which readily absorbs inclusions, the number ofrare earth-containing inclusions in the steel surface can be suppressedto at most 5×10⁻³/m². Specifically, at the stage of ladle refining, thecomposition of the slag in the ladle is controlled to one which readilyabsorbs inclusions by adding an auxiliary material such as calcined limewhile the molten steel is agitated with an inert gas which is commonlyused in ladle refining.

As stated above, rare earth-containing inclusions are oxides, sulfides,and/or oxysulfides of Y and Ln series elements, but sometimes they mayalso contain deoxidizing elements or desulfurizing elements such as Al,Si, Mn, Ca, and Mg. Reducing the number of rare earth-containinginclusions can be realized by adding a suitable amount of thesedeoxidizing elements or desulfurizing elements or by optimizing theconditions for preliminary deoxidation, complex deoxidation, and killingat the time of refining.

An austenitic stainless steel according to the present invention can beformed into a desired shape such as a steel plate or sheet, a seamlesspipe, a welded pipe, bar steel, or forged steel by a suitablecombination of processes selected from melting, casting, forging, hotworking, cold working, welding, and the like. Alternatively, a desiredshape may be formed by a method such as powder metallurgy or centrifugalcasting. The final product may be as-worked by the immediatelyproceeding working process, or it may be subjected to heat treatmentwith the object of strain relief, grain size adjustment, dissolving ofprecipitates to form solid solution, and the like. The steel surfaceafter undergoing heat treatment may be further subjected to surfacetreatment such as pickling, shot blasting, machining, polishing with agrinder, or electropolishing.

An austenitic stainless steel according to the present invention hasexcellent resistance to scale peeling which can suppress peeling of aprotective oxide scale formed on the steel surface even if the steelundergoes heating and cooling cycles comprising repeated heating to ahigh temperature and cooling to room temperature. Therefore, the steelis suitable for use in a high temperature, humidified gas atmosphere ata high temperature and particularly at 1023 K or above.

This austenitic stainless steel has heat resistance, weldability, andworkability which make it suitable for use as a structure material inheat exchangers (regenerators) of microturbines and various types offuel cells and in reformers of fuel cells.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be explained in further detail whilereferring to examples. The following examples are for the purpose ofillustration and do not limit the present invention,

10 kg of each of the steels of Run Nos. 1-36 having the steelcompositions shown in Table 1 (Run Nos. 1-32 were in the range of thepresent invention, and Run Nos. 33-36 were outside the range of thepresent invention) were melted in a vacuum induction heating furnace. Inorder to vary the number of inclusions, the steel of Run No. 17underwent deoxidation at the time of refining under two differentconditions (17a and 17b). TABLE 1 Run Chemical composition of steel(mass %) [balance: Fe and impurities] No. C Si Mn Cu Cr Ni Al N P S Yand Ln-series (REM) Others 1 0.04 0.44 0.45 0.4 25.8 17.2 0.07 0.180.021 0.002 La: 0.02, Nd: 0.01 — 2 0.06 0.68 0.05 0.1 25.5 18.5 0.050.18 0.022 0.001 Ce: 0.04 — 3 0.07 1.56 0.87 0.5 26.1 19.1 0.05 0.160.018 0.001 Y: 0.02 — 4 0.03 0.87 0.64 0.6 26.2 19.4 0.08 0.02 0.0190.001 Y: 0.01, Pr: 0.01 Nb: 0.2 5 0.03 0.13 0.87 0.6 25.7 17.6 0.07 0.160.024 0.001 Sm: 0.01, La: 0.03 Ti: 0.3 6 0.04 0.42 1.15 0.4 25.8 16.20.08 0.18 0.021 0.001 La: 0.01, Ce: 0.02, Nd: 0.01 Ca: 0.002 7 0.05 0.220.48 0.8 24.6 17.1 0.07 0.19 0.035 0.004 La: 0.015 Mg: 0.003 8 0.05 0.150.78 0.7 24.7 16.8 0.06 0.18 0.02 <0.001 Ce: 0.025 Mo: 1.2 9 0.04 0.560.79 1.3 25.3 17.5 0.04 0.2 0.015 0.001 La: 0.01, Ce: 0.02 Re: 0.4 100.06 0.78 0.84 0.6 25.8 17.9 0.05 0.18 0.016 0.002 Y: 0.01, Ce: 0.015 W:0.6 11 0.07 1.16 0.88 0.4 24.1 22.5 0.03 0.18 0.016 0.002 Pr: 0.01, Nd:0.005 Ta: 0.2 12 0.05 0.44 0.76 0.3 26.9 18.7 0.07 0.19 0.012 0.001 Nd:0.04 Ir: 0.7 13 0.08 0.44 0.27 0.5 24.7 18.1 0.08 0.19 0.009 <0.001 Nd:0.04 B: 0.002 14 0.13 0.38 0.27 0.4 26.5 19 0.07 0.21 0.005 <0.001 Nd:0.08 Zr: 0.05 15 0.04 0.68 0.26 0.6 24.8 16.3 0.05 0.24 0.017 0.001 La:0.02, Ce: 0.03, Nd: 0.01 Hf: 0.05, Zr: 0.02 16 0.01 0.54 0.2 0.7 25.119.4 0.06 0.2 0.016 0.002 Y: 0.04 Co: 0.8 17 0.02 2.25 0.18 0.4 23.224.3 0.02 0.12 0.015 <0.001 Ce: 0.06 Pd: 0.03 18 0.05 0.03 0.67 0.5 2517.6 0.08 0.16 0.016 0.002 La: 0.01 Ag: 0.02 19 0.06 0.34 0.69 0.5 24.717.5 0.06 0.17 0.015 0.002 Sm: 0.005, Nd: 0.005 Pt: 0.5 20 0.07 0.330.73 0.9 26.3 16.8 0.05 0.18 0.013 0.001 Y: 0.03 Au: 0.02 21 0.05 0.450.79 0.2 26.1 17.9 0.07 0.17 0.016 0.002 La: 0.018 Nb: 0.4, Mo: 0.4 220.05 0.06 0.83 0.5 27.5 18.1 0.13 0.16 0.019 <0.001 Ce: 0.033 Ti: 0.2,Zr: 0.02 23 0.04 0.41 0.51 0.4 26.1 17.3 0.08 0.18 0.02 <0.001 La:0.015, Ce: 0.025, Nd: 0.005 Nb: 0.1, Ca: 0.003 24 0.05 0.29 0.06 0.126.3 17.1 0.05 0.22 0.002 0.001 Sm: 0.02, Nd: 0.06 Ta: 0.3, Mg: 0.002 250.06 0.69 0.25 0.6 25.8 18.5 0.08 0.21 0.021 0.003 Gd: 0.01 Re: 0.2, Hf:0.02 26 0.07 0.88 0.35 0.7 25.2 19.3 0.08 0.05 0.024 0.001 La: 0.015, Y:0.03 Ca: 0.004, Zr: 0.03 27 0.04 0.36 0.88 0.9 28.1 16.8 0.07 0.23 0.02<0.001 La: 0.025 Ti: 0.3, Mo: 0.6, B: 0.002 28 0.03 0.36 0.94 0.7 26.217.8 0.07 0.18 0.028 <0.001 La: 0.015, Ce: 0.02, Nd: 0.01 Ca: 0.004, W:0.6, Hf: 0.03 29 0.01 0.2 0.76 0.6 26.3 17.8 0.05 0.21 0.006 <0.001 Nd:0.03, Gd: 0.005 V: 0.02, Mg: 0.003, Ir: 0.5 30 0.04 0.81 0.77 1.5 26.418.5 0.04 0.17 0.014 0.001 Y: 0.005, La: 0.01, Ce: 0.02 Nb: 0.7, Ca:0.008, Zr: 0.06 31 0.12 0.54 0.64 0.4 29.4 18.5 0.09 0.26 0.038 0.007Sm: 0.01 Co: 0.5, Pd: 0.3 32 0.05 1.45 0.42 0.5 23.5 19.4 0.01 0.190.031 <0.001 Pr: 0.01, Nd: 0.06 Co: 1.2, Pt: 0.5, Ti: 0.4, Mo: 3.5 330.04 0.66 0.6 0 26.2 18.4 0.05 0.16 0.022 0.002 — — 34 0.03 0.42 0.450.5 25.6 17.9 0.05 0.18 0.025 0.002 — — 35 0.05 0.38 0.71 0.6 21.1 16.80.07 0.15 0.019 <0.001 La: 0.03, Ce: 0.03 Nb: 0.2, Mo: 0.1 36 0.05 0.592.6 0.6 24.9 17.5 0.05 0.17 0.018 <0.001 Y: 0.025 Ca: 0.003

Each ingot was heated for 2 hours at 1473 K and then was formed by hotforging into a plate with a thickness of 25 mm and a width of 90 mm. Itwas then heated for one hour at 1423 K and then hot rolled to obtain athickness of 5 mm.

Each steel plate underwent softening at 1373 K and then was cold rolledto s obtain a thickness of 1.2 mm. For some of the steel plates, thestep of cold rolling the steel plate after softening at 1373 K wasrepeated to obtain a stainless steel plate having a thickness of 0.1-1.0mm.

After each steel plate underwent final heat treatment and scale removal,five test pieces having a width of 15 mm and a length of 15 mm were cutfrom each steel to plate. After the surface of each test piece wasetched with the above-described nitric acid/hydrochloric acid/glycerinmixture, it was observed under an optical microscope to find and countrare earth-containing inclusions having a minor axis of at least 0.5 mmwith the aid of SEM-DEX analysis. The results are shown in Table 2. Asshown in Table 2, among steels having a steel composition within therange of the present invention, Run Nos. 14 and 17b had a larger numberof inclusions than the range defined by the present invention.

A high temperature oxidation test was performed using test pieces havinga width of 15 mm and a length of 35 mm which were cut from the steelplate to be tested. The high temperature oxidation test was carried outin flowing gas under two conditions, i.e., gas condition 1: a gascomposition of 3% O₂-16% H₂O-9% CO₂-bal. N₂ simulating exhaust gas fromthe combustion of city gas, and gas condition 2: a gas composition of 1%CH₄-7% CO₂-12% CO-20% H₂O-bal. H2 simulating reformation of city gas.Each condition was continued for a maximum of 3650 cycles (correspondingto 10 years of operation of an apparatus which performs one cycle ofheating and cooling per day), with each cycle comprising heating at 1223K for 25 minutes and then air cooling to room temperature.

Every 50 cycles, the test pieces were removed, the change in weight ofthe test pieces was measured with an electronic balance, and the stateof peeling of oxide scale formed on the surface of the test pieces andthe formation of scale from the cross section and the base metal in itsvicinity were observed with an optical microscope to ascertain whetherthere was peeling of scale. As peeling of scale proceeds, resistance tooxidation deteriorates, so the weight of the test pieces decreases withthe number of test cycles and the test pieces decrease in thickness.Therefore, in evaluating resistance to scale peeling, it was determinedthat the resistance to scale peeling was excellent if the changed weightwas at least −20 mg/cm². The test results are compiled in Table 2. TABLE2 Change in weight of Number of test piece (mg/cm²) Run No. inclusionsper μm² Gas condition (1) Gas condition (2)  1 4.2 × 10−4 4 1.8  2 3.6 ×10−3 −10.5 −5  3 4.4 × 10−4 1.2 1.4  4 1.2 × 10−4 2.2 1.6  5 1.5 × 10−3−5.5 −1.1  6 6.4 × 10−4 2.2 1.8  7 2.1 × 10−4 1.4 2  8 8.2 × 10−4 −0.50.6  9 6.3 × 10−4 1.5 1.4 10 4.5 × 10−4 1.8 2 11 2.7 × 10−3 −2.6 −3.2 121.2 × 10−3 3.5 2.2 13 9.5 × 10−4 3.2 2.4 14 6.1 × 10−3 −24.2 −32.3 153.4 × 10−3 5.2 3.6 16 1.3 × 10−3 2.1 1.7   17a 2.5 × 10−3 −4.5 −5.9  17b8.5 × 10−3 −25.8 −24.5 18 7.6 × 10−4 −3.5 −1.9 19 2.2 × 10−4 0.8 1.4 205.4 × 10−4 1.8 1.1 21 4.3 × 10−4 −5.4 −3.3 22 3.4 × 10−4 −0.7 1.6 23 1.5× 10−3 3 1.7 24 4.3 × 10−3 −12.8 −7.6 25 1.5 × 10−4 −3.4 −2.8 26 6.6 ×10−4 −1.1 −2.3 27 4.7 × 10−4 2.1 2.5 28 3.6 × 10−3 −4.2 −2.4 29 1.4 ×10−3 −4 −1.3 30 8.7 × 10−4 2.6 1.1 31 3.4 × 10−4 −0.5 1.6 32 4.7 × 10−33.2 2.7 33 Not detected −40.6 −24.5 34 Not detected −34.5 −22.2 35 2.5 ×10−3 −55.3 −25.5 36 7.6 × 10−4 −26.5 −21.7(Notes)Underlined values are outside the range of the present invention. RunNos. 33-36 had steel compositions outside the range defined herein.

For each of Run Nos. 33-36 which were comparative steels, the weight ofthe test pieces after 3650 cycles decreased to −20 mg/cm² or less,indicating that their resistance to scale peeling was inferior. AmongRun Nos. 1-32, for Run Nos. 14 and 17b for which the number ofinclusions was outside the range of the present invention, the weight ofthe test pieces decreased to −20 mg/cm² or less, and the resistance toscale peeling was inferior.

In contrast, with Run Nos. 1-13, 15-17a, and 18-32 which were steelsaccording to the present invention, the weight of the test piece after3650 cycles was at least −20 mg/cm² for each, and they had excellentresistance to scale peeling.

A preferred mode of the present invention was described above, but thepresent invention is not limited thereto. Various modifications arepossible without departing from the scope of the present invention.

1. An austenitic stainless steel having a steel composition consistingessentially of, in mass percent, C: 0.01-0.15%, Si: 0.01-3%, Mn:0.01-2%, Cu: 0.1-2.5%, Cr: 23-30%, Ni: 16-25%, Al: 0.005-0.20%, N:0.001-0.40%, P: at most 0.04%, S: at most 0.01%, at least one rare earthelement selected from Y and Ln series elements: a total of 0.005-0. 1%,Nb, Ti, and V: 0-1.0% each, Ca and Mg: 0-0.010% each, Mo, W, Ta, Re, andIr: 0-6% each, B, Zr, and Hf: 0-0.10% each, Co: 0-3%, Pd, Ag, Pt, andAu: 0-1% each, and a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, with thenumber of inclusions containing the above-described rare earth elementsin the surface of the steel being at most 5×10⁻³/μm².
 2. An austeniticstainless steel as set forth in claim 1 wherein the steel compositioncontains 0.01-1.0% each of at least one of Nb, Ti, and V.
 3. Anaustenitic stainless steel as set forth in claim 1 wherein the steelcomposition contains 0.0001-0.010% each of at least one of Ca and Mg. 4.An austenitic stainless steel as set forth in claim 1 wherein the steelcomposition contains 0.01-6 mass % each of at least one of Mo, W. Ta,Re, and Ir.
 5. An austenitic stainless steel as set forth in claim 1wherein the steel composition contains 0.001-0.10% each of at least oneof B, Zr, and Hf.
 6. An austenitic stainless steel as set forth in claim1 wherein the steel composition contains 0.01-3% of Co.
 7. An austeniticstainless steel as set forth in claim 1 wherein the steel compositioncontains 0.005-1% each of at least one of Pd, Ag, Pt, and Au.